Basic first aid practices

The event of an emergency, critical situation, first of all vital signs should be checked to determine first-aid is dead or alive, it is light or heavy. Refers to the awareness of vital signs, respiration, pulse and blood pressure.

Check the awareness:

Patients may cry, tapping screw patients or patients with hand-foot-cheek observation of the response and so on. Clear sense, you can answer questions, answer the point. To determine whether the patient is unconscious, the simple identification method is to touch gently with cotton, silk eye corneal patients. Patients with normal or mild blink of an eye movement will appear, and the unconscious, especially the lack of response of patients with deep coma. When patients lose consciousness, the first to maintain the airway to prevent suffocation.

##CONTINUE##For unconscious patients, it is necessary to observe the pupil eyes. Both sides of the pupil is the same as normal, and the same round and will face rapidly diminishing light (pupillary light response). When a patient suffered severe damage the brain, on both sides of the pupil may not be generally large, narrow or casual large; when suddenly with a torch light irradiation pupil, the pupil does not reduce or narrow the slow response. Or unconscious trauma patients mydriasis, fixed, often indicate a critical condition.

Check breathing:

The human body through inhalation of oxygen to breathe, exhale carbon dioxide, to achieve inside and outside the gas exchange between the environment to sustain life. Human respiratory (including upper respiratory tract, bronchial, lung, pleura) and the mediastinum, heart, blood, nervous system, such as illness or poisoning, the patients would feel less than gas or respiratory effort, the performance of respiratory frequency (the number), depth and changes in rhythm. Sitting position in patients with severe cases, forced breathing, lips cyanosis. Respiratory disorder, such as patients, it is timely to go to hospital for treatment, find the causes and treatment.

Observation of breathing, depending on the chest, abdomen any ups and downs. There are ups and downs that have to breathe, no ups and downs that are weak or breathing has stopped. Center can also be the palm of your hand or ear attached to the patient's nasal or oral prior to the availability of air into and out of feeling. Or a ray of yarn (or a small piece of cotton, napkin, straw, etc.) on patients with nasal or oral before been observed blowing airflow. 12 per minute of normal breathing to 18 times. Patients dying faster breathing, shallow and irregular; patients in critical condition, the breathing becomes slow and irregular, until the stop. For those who have stopped breathing, artificial resuscitation immediately.

Check the pulse:

From birth to death, the heart has been beating. Heart rate is an important vital signs. There is no heartbeat, that people have died on or near death. Observed heart rate, index and middle fingers can touch the patient gently radial wrist (thumb side of palm) of the artery. If pulse indicating the existence of heart. If not, can touch a patient carotid artery, can also be attached to the ears of patients with precordial whether to listen to the heart throb, but also the patient's neck artery can be observed whether there is any pulsation. Any superficial artery near the bone can be used to diagnose the troubles. Pulse time for each measurement of not less than 30 seconds, in patients with heart disease should be measured 1 minute. Normal adult pulse 60 per minute to 100 times.

If cardiac arrest patients, the pulse disappeared, should be done immediately for emergency treatment chest cardiac massage.

Blood pressure measurement:

Blood pressure is referred to as arterial blood pressure, it is referring to blood flow in the artery, the vessel wall of the pressure. When the heart contraction, intra-aortic blood reach the maximum pressure as the systolic blood pressure; when the diastolic, the lowest intra-arterial pressure as diastolic blood pressure. The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, known as the pulse pressure. If a person's systolic blood pressure of 17.3 kPa (130 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure of 10.7 kPa (80 mmHg), its pulse pressure for the 6.67 kPa (50 mm Hg). Blood pressure is an important vital signs. A sudden lowering of blood pressure, or excessive bleeding is often a deterioration in their conditions. Blood pressure measurement can also understand the situation of the cardiovascular system.

Blood pressure are commonly used mercury column sphygmomanometer blood pressure monitor, electronic blood pressure monitors and three kinds of pressure-type blood pressure monitors, under specific circumstances and conditions of choice. Mercury column sphygmomanometer is currently more commonly used to measure the site often cubital fossa in the upper limb or lower limb of the brachial artery popliteal artery Department.

Normal blood pressure increased with age, in day-to-day activities will have minor fluctuations. Systolic blood pressure in healthy adults and 12.0 ~ 18.6 kPa (90 ~ 139 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure 8.0 ~ 11.9 kPa (60 ~ 89 mm Hg), pulse pressure was 4.0 to 5.3 kPa (30 to 40 millimeters of mercury column).